In Pursuit of Happiness: How Realistic is the American Dream? Understanding and Seizing Inequality

Authors

Abstract

Recognized as the land of the free, the United States has provided the economic stage for many to craft their slice of the American dream. More questionable is that about 11.4% of its citizens are living below the national poverty line despite the national wealth. However, the acceptance that poverty for some is an unfortunate consequence of free markets is present among a strong majority of the American population. By using a ballpark method from, the Gini Coefficient, Equivalence Adjustment, and Mean Logarithmic Deviation, this study illustrates how persistent income inequality is a result of class warfare – a socioeconomic competition among the social classes which plays a vital role in the pursuit of the American Dream. The study recommends that to restore an economy where everyone gets a fair shot, the government needs to make sure that everyone plays by the same set of rules. Tackling high inequalities will create opportunities for all, and education should become a fundamental right for all and not a privilege for the few.

References

Adams, J. T. (1931). The Epic of America. Routledge.

Amadeo, K. (2022, April 20). What Does Income Inequality Look Like in the US? Understanding America's Income Inequality and Its Causes. The Balance Money. https://www.thebalancemoney.com/income-inequality-in-america-3306190

ASPE. (2022). HHS Poverty Guidelines for 2022. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. https://aspe.hhs.gov/topics/poverty-economic-mobility/poverty-guidelines

Beckett, L. (2020, April 1). Whole Foods workers hold ‘sick-out’ to demand hazard pay during pandemic. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/31/whole-foods-coronavirus-outbreak-us-health

Benabou, R. (1994). Education, Income Distribution, and Growth: The Local Connection (National Bureau of Economic Research WORKING PAPER 4798). https://doi.org/10.3386/w4798

Bonneau, C., & Grobon, S. (2022). Unequal Access to Higher Education Based On Parental Income: Evidence from France (World Inequality Lab Working Paper N° 2022/01). https://wid.world/document/unequal-access-to-higher-education-based-on-parental-income-evidence-from-france-world-inequality-lab-working-paper-2022-01/

CEBR. (2022). China's Economy Could Overtake U.S. Economy by 2030. Centre for Economics and Business Research. https://cebr.com/reports/chosun-ilbo-chinas-economy-could-overtake-u-s-economy-by-2030/

CFR. (2022). The U.S. Inequality Debate. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-inequality-debate

Coady, D., & Dizioli, A. (2017). Income Inequality and Education Revisited: Persistence, Endogeneity, and Heterogeneity (International Monetary Fund Working Paper/17/126). https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2017/05/26/Income-Inequality-and-Education-Revisited-Persistence-Endogeneity-and-Heterogeneity-44854

Cooper, S. J. (1998). A Positive Theory of Income Redistribution. Journal of Economic Growth, 3(2), 171-195.

Dzieza, J. (2020, April 1). Exclusive: Detroit Amazon workers plan to walk out over handling of COVID-19. The Verge: https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/1/21202745/amazon-coronavirus-walk-out-detroit-protests-warehouse-cleaning

English, M., & Kalla, J. L. (2021, April 23). Racial Equality Frames And Public Policy Support: Survey Experimental Evidence. Yale University. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/tdkf3

Federal Reserve. (2021). Survey of Consumer Finances, 1989 - 2019: Median net worth by education of reference person. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. https://www.federalreserve.gov

Federal Reserve. (2021). Survey of Consumer Finances, 1989 - 2019: Median net worth by race or ethnicity. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. https://www.federalreserve.gov

Federal Reserve. (2022). Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. since 1989: Wealth by wealth percentile group. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. www.federalreserve.gov

Haughton, J., & Khandker, S. (2009). The Handbook on Poverty and Inequality. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11985

Inequality. (2022). Income Inequality in the United States: Gaps in earnings between America's most affluent and the rest of the country continue to grow year after year. Inequality. https://inequality.org/facts/income-inequality/

Joblist. (2022). Q2 2022 United States Job Market Report. Joblist. https://www.joblist.com/jobs-reports/q2-2022-united-states-job-market-report

Kahneman, D., & Deaton, A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 107(38), 16489-16493. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107

Kotkin, J. (2022, April 11). America Is Headed for Class Warfare. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/america-headed-class-warfare-opinion-1696554

Kraus, M. W., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2017). Americans misperceive racial economic equality. National Academy of Sciences, 114(39), 10324-10331. https://doi:10.1073/pnas.1707719114

Marx, K., & Engels, F. (1848). Introduction and Section 1, Bourgeois and Proletarians (Part 1). In K. Marx, F. Engels & G. Rigakos (Eds.), The Communist Manifesto Illustrated (p. 482). Red Quill Books.

National Archives. (1776). Declaration of Independence: A Transcription. National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript

Obama, B. (2006). Chapter Five: Opportunity. In B. Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming The American Dream. Canongate.

OECD. (2014). United States – Tackling high inequalities, creating opportunities for all. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd.org/unitedstates/Tackling-high-inequalities.pdf

OECD. (2022). Income inequality (indicator). Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi:10.1787/459aa7f1-en

Pew Research. (2022). Trust in America: How do Americans view economic inequality? Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/2022/01/05/trust-in-america-how-do-americans-view-economic-inequality/

Rapp, N., & O'Keefe, B. (2022, January 30). This chart shows how China will soar past the U.S. to become the world’s largest economy by 2030. Fortune. https://fortune.com/longform/global-gdp-growth-100-trillion-2022-inflation-china-worlds-largest-economy-2030/

Rodrigo, C. M. (2020, April 2). Instacart promises to provide workers coronavirus health kits after strike. The Hill. https://thehill.com/policy/technology/490896-instacart-promises-to-provide-workers-coronavirus-health-kits-after-strike/

Rubio, M. A. (2011, Dec 16). We Are A Nation Of Haves And Soon-To-Haves [Conference session]. The United State Senate. https://www.rubio.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2011/12/rubio-we-are-a-nation-of-haves-and-soon-to-haves

Sanders, B. (2022, August 9). This is what class warfare is all about [Video file].YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vuu2ufzdLw8

Seefeldt, B. (2018). The impact of education expenditures on income inequality: Evidence from US states. Bryant University.

Spectrem Group. (2021, March 15). New Spectrem Study Reveals US Household Wealth Climbed to Record Levels in 2020 After Rebounding from the March Pandemic-Related Market Crash [Press release]. https://spectrem.com/Content_Press/spectrem-press-release-march-15-2021.aspx

Statista. (2021). Number of people living below the poverty line, by state U.S. 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/233117/number-of-people-living-below-the-poverty-in-the-us-by-state/

Statista. (2022). Child poverty rate in the U.S. from 1990 to 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/200474/us-poverty-rate-among-children-under-18-since-1990/

Statista. (2022). Poverty rate in the United States in 2020, by ethnic group. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/200476/us-poverty-rate-by-ethnic-group/

Stewart, E. (2019, April 30). We are (still) the 99 percent. Vox. https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/4/23/18284303/occupy-wall-street-bernie-sanders-dsa-socialism

Stiglitz, J. (2013). The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. https://wwnorton.com/books/the-price-of-inequality/

The White House. (2012, January 24). Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/24/remarks-president-state-union-address

The White House. (2013, January 03). Remarks by the President on Economic Mobility [Press release]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/04/remarks-president-economic-mobility

Todd, W., & Peter, F. (2018). The History of all Hitherto Existing Society: Class Struggle and the Current Wave of Resistance. Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 16(2), 577-587. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v16i2.1008

UNDP. (2019). Human Development Report 2019. United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Report Office. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf

United States Census. (2021). Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020. Table A-5: Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2020. United States Census. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2021/demo/income-poverty/p60-273.html

Warren, E. (2019, June 10). Elizabeth Warren Has Lots of Plans. Together, They Would Remake the Economy. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/10/us/politics/elizabeth-warren-2020-policies-platform.html?searchResultPosition=66

World Bank. (2022, April 01). Lifting 800 Million People Out of Poverty – New Report Looks at Lessons from China’s Experience [Press release]. https://www.worldbank.org

Yellen, J. (2014, October 17). Perspectives on Inequality and Opportunity from the Survey of Consumer Finances. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/yellen20141017a.htm

Downloads

Published

2022-12-07

How to Cite

STOBER, E. O. (2022). In Pursuit of Happiness: How Realistic is the American Dream? Understanding and Seizing Inequality. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 10(4), 391–406. Retrieved from https://www.managementdynamics.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/500

Issue

Section

Articles